The interrelationship between dissolved oxygen, test temperature, load, and fluid is also discussed. Solid lubricants are mainly used as additives to oils and greases. Since the most significant effects on liquid migration are due to viscosity and the. A study of enhancement of the properties of lubricant oil ahmed n. Identify the characteristics of crude oil understand the difference between sweet and sour crude oil identify the adverse health effects of crude oil. They vary according to the composition of the oil, the relative abundance of the groups of hydrocarbons, and essentially depend on reservoir temperatures and pressures. Relevant astm test results are reported on amsoil product data bulletins as typical technical properties.
Synalox lubricants highperformance polyglycols for demanding. Since thermal conductivity information was not provided by the supplier, it was measured in this study to complete the physical properties. Oct 30, 2016 the second chapter of engineering tribology by gwidon stachowiak and andrew w batchelor is titled physical properties of lubricants. Density is a state function and for a pure compound depends on both temperature and pressure and is shown by liquid.
It is the resistance offered by liquid towards its flow. High viscosity implies a high resistance to flow while a low viscosity indicates a low resistance to flow. Physical properties, including density, viscosity, flash point, and thermal conductivity. Physical and chemical characteristics of oils, fats, and waxes, champaign, illinois, aocs press, 2006. For example, mineral oils are incompatible with natural rubber, and phosphate esters are incompatible with many different rubbers. The aim of this study is to make enhancements on the lubricant oil properties because of its importance in the.
Benzene is found to exhibit a unique set of physical and chemical properties. These cultivars, low in erucic acid and glucosinolates, are very different from high erucic acid rapeseed oil in chemical, physical and nutritional properties. Properties of lubricants principles of tribology wiley. Roman przybylski canola oil produced in canada is obtained from the seeds of brassica napus and brassica rapa. Mohammed chemical and petrochemical engineering department, university of anbar, iraq. What is the significance and meaning of test results. The density of a lubricant is actually the function of pressure and temperature. Member companies of this body currently comprise fourteen specialty chemical manufacturers, including some household names, which together are responsible for the. Select fuels and lubricants for the application in specific conditions of exploitation. Bench testing, including wettability, tribological properties and mist characterization. Plan the measurement of important physical properties of fuels and lubricants.
Mnl59 astm international 100 barr harbor drive po box c700 west conshohocken, pa 194282959 printed in the u. Typical physical properties appearance metallic gray texture soft paste speci. Effect of ageing on lubricants physical and chemical. The tribological performance friction and wear of the aged lubricants was also analyzed, followed by xray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis on the. Effect of some physical and chemical properties of lubricants on. A lubricant is a substance introduced to reduce frictional force and heat generation between the surfaces in mutual contact, when the surfaces move. Keep surfaces separate under all loads, temperatures and speeds, thus minimizing friction and wear. The properties of mixtures of the oils also are considered, especially mixtures of palm and palm kernel oils in which a eutectic interaction occurs. The chapter explains the fundamental physical properties of lubricants such as viscosity, viscosity temperature dependence, viscosity index, pour point, flash point, volatility, oxidation stability, thermal stability, etc. The fluid viscosity must be high to maintain adequate film thickness to separate the contacting. Lamb proceedings of the institution of mechanical engineers, conference proceedings 2006 182. Used mineralbased crankcase oil is a complex mixture of low and high c15 c50 molecular weight aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, lubrication additives. Benzene is one of the most fundamental compounds used in the manufacturing of various plastics, resins, synthetic fibers, rubber lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs, and pesticides. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of water contamination on ageing of lubricants.
Oil must reduce friction and wear engine friction and wear are caused by interference contact of moving parts. For example, durad mp 280b is now known as a reolube effective january 1995 fmc 1995. Industrystandard analyses group compounds into four main classes, namely saturated hydrocarbons. A study of enhancement of the properties of lubricant oil. Advanced chemical characterization and physical properties. Lesson objectives upon completion of this module, students will be able to. Common properties of lubricants that affect vehicle fuel. Boron nitride, tungsten disulfide and polytetrafluorethylene ptfe are other solid lubricants. Use and benefits is a document published by atc, the technical committee of. Using lubricants helps to reduce this friction, allowing more work to be done for the same amount of energy input, lowering the temperatures of the materials in contact, and greatly extending the lifespan of the moving equipment. The constants a and b are evaluated over a temperature range extend ing from 20 to 220f and the density equation is valid over a. Used mineralbased crankcase oil is a complex mixture of low and high c. Here is a guide to typical technical properties for amsoil motor oils courtesy of amsoil inc. Although this chapter is primarily about liquid lubricants, it is worthwhile to spend a little time discussing some of the other popular lubricant types, i.
Diluted bitumen and other crude oils generally contain the same classes of compounds, but the relative abundances of those classes vary widely. Army fuels and lubricants research laboratory, southwest research institute, p. Introduction properties of crude oils and oil products vii during any oil spill incident, the properties of the spilled oil must be known immediately. Physical properties of oil viscosity the viscosity of an oil is a measure of the oil s resistance to shear.
Advanced chemical characterization and physical properties of. Changes with temperature, decreasing temperature increases viscosity. Lubricants and greases chemical manufacturing industry. It may also have the function of transmitting forces, transporting foreign particles, or heating or cooling the surfaces. Based on its physical states, you can classify lubricants as. Chapter 2 physical properties of lubricants 51 lubricants should also be compatible with the materials of the components used in a specific application. The fundamental physical properties of a lubricant that determine its lubrication and performance characteristics are discussed in this chapter. Physical properties of oil viscosity the viscosity of an oil is a measure of the oils resistance to shear. Solid lubricants possess lamellar structure preventing direct contact between the sliding surfaces even at high loads. Physical and chemical properties of crude oils and their.
Axle and manual transmission lubricant viscosity classification, sae j306, march. Graphite and molybdenum disulfide particles are common solid lubricants. Lubricants free fulltext common properties of lubricants. The family of synalox lubricants includes a diverse range of polyglycols with homopolymers and random copolymers on to mono, di or multifunctional initiators see table 1 and 2 for the synalox lubricants product family. Vegetable oil and animal oil mineral oil from petroleum blended oil, doped oil, or compound oil semisolid lubricants solid lubricants synthetic lubricants liquid lubricants or lubricating oils liquid lubricants reduce friction and wear between two moving or sliding metallic surfaces by providing a. This chapter discusses the viscosity and density of lubricants, as they are the two important physical properties associated with lubrication. Molecular science of lubricant additives 2279 mdpi. Improved methods development for determining thermochemical properties of fluids, lubricants and related materials. Most of the research in lubricants today goes into extending life. Organise the handling and storage procedures for fuels and lubricants. Each grease was characterized by wt% thickener, unworked penetration, worked penetration 60x and 10,000x.
The second chapter of engineering tribology by gwidon stachowiak and andrew w batchelor is titled physical properties of lubricants. Evaluation and comparison of lubricant properties in minimum quantity lubrication machining bruce l. Use and benefits is a document published by atc, the technical committee of petroleum additive manufacturers in europe. Lubricants used in the power trains of helicopter transmissions have required standard tests, such as astmdesignated methods, definitizing required physical and chemical properties. Physical properties of oils and mixtures of oils springerlink. Physical, chemical, and lubricant properties of brassicaceae. It is measured at specific temperature by hydrometer or automatic density meter. However, applied research studies have shown that it is quite difficult to quantify the fuel efficiency properties of advanced lubricants in vehicles. The viscosity of the base fluid is determined by the base stock.
Physical and chemical properties of crude oil and oil products. Physical and chemical characteristics of oils, fats, and waxes, champaign, illinois, aocs press, 2006 red manuel des corps gras, afceg, paris 1992. Viscosity is more commonly known as resistance to flow. Oct, 2015 a lubricant is a substance introduced to reduce frictional force and heat generation between the surfaces in mutual contact, when the surfaces move. Benzene physical and chemical properties chemistry byjus. Perhaps the most used physical property is the viscositytemperature. Unfortunately, the properties routinely measured by oil producers and refiners are not the ones that onscene commanders need to know most urgently. The chapter explains the fundamental physical properties of lubricants such as. The development of advanced lubricants to improve vehicle fuel efficiency can appear to be as simple as lowering the viscosity and frictional properties of a fluid. Physical and chemical properties of crude oil and oil products 1 density, specific gravity, and api gravity density is defined as mass per unit volume of a fluid.
Those variations are associated in turn with wide differences in physical and chemical properties. The greases were all produced in the same reactor under similar conditions. A lubricant is a substance, usually organic, introduced to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact, which ultimately reduces the heat generated when the surfaces move. This work may be divided into two parts, which, in fact, have little connection with one another, the first is that which deals with the chemical and physical properties of lubricants generally. The lowest temperature at which a sample of oil can be poured determines the pour point. Lubrication properties technology transfer services. Physical properties of lubricants request pdf researchgate.
Properties of lubricant free download as powerpoint presentation. These cultivars, low in erucic acid and glucosinolates, are very different from high erucic acid rapeseed oil. Verify the compliance of data obtained for the properties of prescribed magnitudes with legal norms. Synalox lubricants highperformance polyglycols for. The physical properties of an oil depend on its base stock. Chemical and physical information names and designations have changed. Lubricants must have the following main characteristics. In general, for most soapthickened greases, base fluid viscosity and grease consistency are independent properties of a lubricating grease. Some physical and chemical properties of benzene are mentioned below.
It covers many of the parameters used to characterize lubricants and equations which describe variation in these parameters. Density density is fundamental physical property of oil. Lubricant properties whenever an object moves against another object, friction will be present, turning kinetic energy into heat and causing equipment to wear. Base oils are described by four physical properties that dictate how they will perform in service. Advanced chemical characterization and physical properties of eleven lubricants authors david l. In some cases the viscosity of oil can fall by about 80% with a temperature. Lubricants and its properties free download as powerpoint presentation. Physical properties of lubricants valvoline technical services page 1 following are the important properties of a lubricant. Combustion byproducts and other contaminants carried in the oil also add to. The physical, chemical, and lubricant properties of the oils were determined. Preforming and the physical properties of the lubricants play a crucial role on ptfe paste extrusion. Computation of some physical properties of lubricating oils at high. List of 18 different properties of lubricants lubricating oil.
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